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沅陵是一(yi)(yi)個少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)聚居(ju)(ju)與散居(ju)(ju)并存的(de)(de)(de)(de)多民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。沅陵在(zai)遠古即有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)。其后(hou)，經歷(li)代(dai)開(kai)發，逐漸成為(wei)(wei)多民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)地(di)(di)區(qu)。楚武(wu)王(wang)三十七年(nian)(nian)（前704），楚國(guo)勢力開(kai)始越長江(jiang)南下(xia)，“開(kai)濮地(di)(di)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)之(zhi)”。秦滅楚置黔中郡(jun)，郡(jun)治在(zai)今縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城西(xi)(xi)窯頭，留(liu)居(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官兵中有(you)(you)漢(han)人ꦛ(ren)(ren)(ren)與土(tu)著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)雜居(ju)(ju)。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)“永嘉之(zhi)亂”后(hou)，晉(jin)朝廷曾規定(ding)(ding)(ding)：偏遠夷(yi)地(di)(di)，不輸貢賦，或(huo)徭(yao)役(yi)全(quan)免，故(gu)流入(ru)者漸多。縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內有(you)(you)部分謝(xie)、袁、蕭(xiao)及土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)田、覃、楊(yang)三姓人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)即于西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)來(lai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)居(ju)(ju)。隋唐之(zhi)際，曾于沅陵置辰州都督府，隨軍(jun)游宦者，頂(ding)踵相(xiang)接，苗(miao)(miao)、瑤、土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)等(deng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)，一(yi)(yi)部分退避山林，一(yi)(yi)部分與外來(lai)漢(han)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)雜居(ju)(ju)。宋代(dai)為(wei)(wei)使少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)歸服(fu)，曾一(yi)(yi)度采取羈縻(mi)政策。元至(zhi)正七年(nian)(nian)（1347），白(bai)(bai)族(zu)鐘氏三兄弟(di)及子侄（祖籍云南省），自江(jiang)面避亂徙(xi)(xi)沅陵，于西(xi)(xi)關溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)子口(kou)和(he)東關佘家(jia)橋定(ding)(ding)(ding)居(ju)(ju)。明(ming)代(dai)對(dui)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)地(di)(di)區(qu)，亦以鎮(zhen)壓為(wei)(wei)主，鎮(zhen)撫結(jie)合，于縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)棋(qi)坪(ping)設拱辰營，駐(zhu)重兵以防苗(miao)(miao)。清(qing)代(dai)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內城區(qu)附近與漢(han)族(zu)雜居(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)在(zai)共同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產、生活中逐漸融(rong)合，有(you)(you)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)、西(xi)(xi)南、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、酉(you)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、舒溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、楊(yang)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、荔溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、丑溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、耍溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、藍溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)流域，仍有(you)(you)大部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)保留(liu)與苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言、風俗(su)、服(fu)飾，自稱“果(guo)熊”。這些地(di)(di)區(qu)，清(qing)廷視(shi)為(wei)(wei)苗(miao)(miao)地(di)(di)，曾劃(hua)入(ru)“乾嘉苗(miao)(miao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)起義”時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“苗(miao)(miao)疆御覽圖”。嘉慶八年(nian)(nian)（1803）常德回(hui)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)馬新盛、鳳凰回(hui)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)鄭大勛先(xian)后(hou)遷縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)居(ju)(ju)。抗日戰爭時(shi)期，有(you)(you)些兄弟(di)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)同(tong)(tong)胞來(lai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)避難定(ding)(ding)(ding)居(ju)(ju)。新中國(guo)建立(li)后(hou)，又有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些侗族(zu)、蒙古族(zu)等(deng)干部因(yin)工作遷徙(xi)(xi)而(er)(er)來(lai)。由于歷(li)代(dai)封建王(wang)朝對(dui)“五溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)”少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歧視(shi)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)、土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)等(deng)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)被登記為(wei)(wei)漢(han)族(zu)。1982年(nian)(nian)全(quan)國(guo)第三次(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)普查(cha)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內苗(miao)(miao)、土(tu)家(jia)、侗、布(bu)依等(deng)15個少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)，只登記到(dao)3782人(ren)(ren)(ren)。1985年(nian)(nian)，縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政府向省人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政府申報成立(li)了(le)火(huo)場土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，清(qing)水坪(ping)阿苗(miao)(miao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)棋(qi)坪(ping)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。到(dao)2006年(nian)(nian)，沅陵行(xing)政區(qu)劃(hua)調整結(jie)束，少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)只有(you)(you)兩(liang)個：火(huo)場土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、二酉(you)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。當前，全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)漢(han)族(zu)25．16萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，另有(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)、土(tu)家(jia)族(zu)、白(bai)(bai)族(zu)等(deng)24個少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)共36.39萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。